Torvald Helmer And Troy Maxson - 1965 Words

Monica Therrien Nancy Slavin English 105 18 March 2015 Torvald Helmer and Troy Maxson in Comparison It is a common assumption to believe that men are to be masculine, protective, and a provider to their families. That is especially the case in the time period both, A Doll’s House and Fences were written in, the 19th and 20th centuries. Torvald Helmer and Troy Maxson, were alike in many ways, but also so very different, each man loved and provided for his family in different ways, but both were still efficient providers in the way that should have been. The 19th century, the time A Doll’s House was set in, was the turning point in the world where the idea of â€Å"male supremacy† slowly started to become a thing of the past. Women were on their way to being considered, â€Å"equal but different.† Although women were socially considered equal to their counterparts, there were still some things that men ruled hierarchy over women such as voting rights, and the ability to perform hard labored jobs, and were ra rely granted the custody of their children in the case of divorce. Women were still considered caretakers, teachers, and organizers; primarily looking after the children, being maids, and organizing church groups and citizen groups as well. Men in the 19th century were the â€Å"laborers,† whom provided for their family; monetarily, put food on the table and a roof over their heads. Even though women began to earn their rights and were considered equal, men were still consideredShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House And August Wilson Fences 1224 Words   |  5 Pagesmain character was a woman by the name of Nora Helmer. She was a young women who lived in Europe during the nineteenth century. She was married to a man by the name of Torvald Helmer who seemed to be a little controlling. At first Nora seem to appear as an airhead. When her spouse, Torvald, calls her things like his little squirrel, his little lark, she does not appear to mind. Indeed she appears to enjoy it and even play into it. For example Torvald states â€Å"Is that my little lark twittering away

American Consumerism And The United States Environmental...

Regardless of what one thinks about American consumerism or our high levels of production, it is a fact that we live in a throw-away society. What that means is that we produce a lot, throw away a lot, and most things are planned to become obsolete within a few years. Recently, there has been an unprecedented effort to correct these negatives habits of our society, seeing as they can’t last forever. This effort, aptly called sustainability, is one of the most grandiose undertakings in American society today. Universities, corporations, households, and everything in-between, are all striving towards sustainability, but what actually is it? According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, â€Å"To pursue sustainability is to create and maintain the conditions under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony to support present and future generations† (EPA). With such a broad definition, there are plenty of critics and skeptics that say that such a proposition is too idealistic and therefore impossible. In fact, I agree with that faction and acknowledge that with such a loose definition, it will never be truly possible to be sustainable. However, my rebuttal, as it seems natural to say, is that nearly everything we do or strive for in America is, in a way, too idealistic. From that, I assert that we need to make a deliberate effort, as both consumers and producers, to work towards sustainability to move away from our throw-away tendencies. Before oneShow MoreRelatedSilent Spring By Rachel Carson1441 Words   |  6 PagesPeople reading a book wouldn’t be enough, though, for twenty million Americans came together on April 22, 1970, to celebrate the beauty of Earth and raise awareness about increasing concerns for the environment and declining quality of life. (maybe add a sentence about structure and diversity of the movement) Without these key events leading to the Environmental Movement’s diversity and unique structure through the 1970s, American values in politics and way of life would not have been able to changeRead MoreConsumerism: How It Affects Families Living in Poverty in America2390 Words   |  10 PagesConsumerism: Affecting Families Living in Poverty in the United States Katelynn O’Brien University of Phoenix COM/220 Research Writing May 26th, 2013 Outline I. Introduction of consumerism and brief explanation of its impact to the society II. Consumerism; definition and deep explanation of its impact to the world economies III. Advantages of consumerism A. Economic developments B. Growth and developments of companies C. Production of quality by companies D. Increase inRead MoreBusiness7439 Words   |  30 Pagesthat the American marketing system causes _____ to be higher than they would be under more â€Å"sensible† systems. a. distribution costs b. advertising costs c. prices d. markups e. employee morals (Answer: c; p. 496; Moderate) 4. A long-standing charge against intermediaries is that they mark up prices beyond the _____. a. value of their services b. delivery charges c. going market price d. range most Americans can affordRead MoreEcology of Maryland1280 Words   |  5 Pagescomplex chemical, physical, and biological reactions over more than 4 billion years now. In this relentless tardiness of geologic instance, the convection of the Earths mantle gave form to the planet (Cronon, 1993). The Middle Atlantic region of North American was shaped by the tectonic plate movements and climatic changes shaping the ancient oceans into lands. Water streams gave form to hills and deep valleys and rainwater broke big rocks into fine soil. It is interesting to note that while all this wasRead MoreGlobalization, Consumerism and Unsustainable Consumption Essay5809 Words   |  24 PagesGlobalization, Consumerism and Unsustainable Consumption Praveena Rajkobal IGD Program SPARC Colombo University Background Paper (Final) 1 This paper (i) attempts to establish the connection between globalization and consumerism and thereafter (ii) attempts to investigate the impacts of globalization and consumerism on unequal distribution of wealth and (iii) attempts to investigate the impacts of globalization and consumerism on unsustainable consumption and environmental degradationRead MoreA World Focused On Climate Change And Sustainable Development2467 Words   |  10 Pagesdesire to purchase products that are environmentally friendly is being hampered by the current cloud of greenwashing allegations, making it increasingly difficult for consumers to distinguish fact from fiction. Although the upward trend in green consumerism has affected several industries, it has had a noteworthy impact on the automotive industry, which has experienced a recent increase in the development of environmentally friendly options such as hybrid and electric vehicles. This paper will examineRead More Media Portrayal of Environmental Risk Essay2931 Words   |  12 Pages Media Portrayal of Environmental Risk: Dissemination or Delusion? Transmission of ideas and information through media avenues like television and the press are the predominant means by which much of contemporary culture and the developed world obtain vital information. The media has an enormous impact on the public’s conceptualization of ideals: societal perceptions are shaped by the information made available to us through the different venues of media. Examining how the transmittal of informationRead MoreFood Loss And Its Effects On Food Production3298 Words   |  14 Pagesfor any reason, which is discarded towards the front of the food supply chain, including harvest, post-harvest, and processing (Lipinski 2013). The production of the food in the United States is inefficient because of its inability to create and process food without generating excessive amounts of waste. In the United States alone, about 40 percent of its food is wasted daily – much of it due to ineffectual food production processes. In and of itself, food loss has permeated into different issues,Read MoreImpact of Consumer Protection Agencie in Nigeria15948 Words   |  64 PagesIMPACT OF CONSUMER PROTECTION AGENCIES IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF CPC, CAFON AND CEON BY AMZAT SHERIFFDEEN ADEWALE MATRIC NO: 06076963 A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FUFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION, FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY, AGO-IWOYE, OGUN STATE. MARCH, 2012 CHAPTER ONE 1.0 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Consumer protection is defined as the efforts of the government and private organizationsRead MoreIt Goes Into A Landfill2921 Words   |  12 PagesMost people don’t think about where their trash goes after the garbage trucks empty the trash bins. It goes into a landfill, which is a carefully engineered and managed structure and acts as a final disposal option for waste (â€Å"Solid Waste Agency†). The purpose of a landfill is to bury trash in a way that it will be isolated from groundwater, will be kept dry, and will not come into contact with air. Under these conditions, the excess waste does not decompose very much (Freudenrich). Many objects

Prevention Paradox Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Prevention Paradox. Answer: Epidemiologist Geoffrey Rose first coined the term prevention paradox in the year 1981. It is a situation in which, maximum of the disease related cases belongs to a population that has lower or moderate risk for the disease, whereas a smaller section of the population becomes infected to the disease, who had higher risk for it (Dobe 2013). This phenomenon occurs as the community, who are at higher risk are smaller in number. World Health Organization (WHO) also described the prevention paradox as the tool to provide benefits to an entire population, where every individual shares small amount of advantages (World health organization 2015). Therefore, public health campaigns or population based interventions leads to successful prevention of diseases, as it targets an entire population and takes advantage of the prevention paradox of that community. Majority of the health improvement interventions applied on communities are for health improvement of smaller section of the society and for this purpose, maximum amount of people changes their dietary, behavioral and lifestyle habits. Therefore, there are several advantages and disadvantages of prevention paradox (John 2014). As only a small section of a large community improves their health from the interventions, motivation to others for changing the lifestyle make it a difficult task for the government. Further, as majority of the population are not receiving any improvement, therefore the ratio of personal benefit to risk is the major concern. However, this helps to eliminate the primary cause for the disease. Secondly, as the smaller section having high risk for disease improves their health using the intervention, the risk for others acquiring such disease becomes fewer (Dobe 2013). References Dobe, M., 2013. Hypertension: The prevention paradox.Indian journal of public health,57(1), p.1. John, S.D., 2014. Risk, Contractualism, and Rose's" Prevention Paradox".Social Theory and Practice, pp.28-50. World health organization. 2015.The world health report.viewed 10th February 2018. fromhttps://www.who.int/whr/2002/chapter6/en/index1.html.

The budgeting process free essay sample

(b) how zero-base budgeting would operate; (c) what problems might be met in introducing zero-base budgeting; (d) what special advantages could be expected from zero-base budgeting, as compared with more traditional budgeting methods, for an organization operating in an economic recession. (20 marks) CIMA P3 Management Accounting A budgetary planning and control system may include many individual budgets which are integrated into a ‘master budget’. 108 THE BUDGETING PROCESS You are required to outline and briefly explain with reasons the steps which should normally be taken in the preparation of master budgets in a manufacturing company, indicating the main budgets which you think should normally be prepared. (12 marks) ICAEW Management Accounting Question IM 15. 6 Advanced The managing director of your company believes that the existing annual budget system is costly to operate and produces unsatisfactory results due to: long preparation period; business decisions being made throughout the year; unpredictable changes in the rate of general inflation; sudden changes in the availability and price of raw materials. We will write a custom essay sample on The budgeting process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He has read about rolling budgets and wonders whether these might be more useful for his decision-making. You are required, as the management accountant, to prepare a paper for him covering the following areas. (a) a brief explanation of rolling budgets; (4 marks) (b) how a rolling budget system would operate; (4 marks) (c) three significant advantages of a rolling budget system; (6 marks) (d) three problems likely to be encountered in using a rolling budget system (6 marks) CIMA P3 Management Accounting Question IM 15. 7 Advanced Explain the specific roles of planning, motivation and evaluation in a system of budgetary control. (7 marks) ACCA Level 2 Management Accounting Question IM 15. 8 Advanced X plc manufactures Product X using three different raw materials. The product details are as follows: Question IM 15. 9 Intermediate: Preparation of functional budgets Selling price per unit ? 250 Material A Material B Material C Direct labour 3 kgs 2 kgs 4 kgs 8 hours material price ? 3. 50 per kg material price ? 5. 00 per kg material price ? 4. 50 per kg labour rate ? 8. 00 per hour The company is considering its budgets for next year and has made the following estimates of sales demand for Product X for July to October: July August September October 400 units 300 units 600 units 450 units It is company policy to hold stocks of finished goods at the end of each month equal to 50% of the following month’s sales demand, and it is expected that the stock at the start of the budget period will meet this policy. At the end of the production process the products are tested: it is usual for 10% of those tested to be faulty. It is not possible to rectify these faulty units. Raw material stocks are expected to be as follows on 1 July: Material A Material B Material C 1000 kgs 400 kgs 600 kgs Stocks are to be increased by 20% in July, and then remain at their new level for the foreseeable future. Labour is paid on an hourly rate based on attendance. In addition to the unit direct labour hours shown above, 20% of attendance time is spent on tasks which support production activity. THE BUDGETING PROCESS 109 Requirements: (a) Prepare the following budgets for the quarter from July to September inclusive: (i) sales budget in quantity and value; (ii) production budget in units; (iii) raw material usage budget in kgs; (iv) raw material purchases budget in kgs and value; (v) labour requirements budget in hours and value. (16 marks) (b) Explain the term ‘principal budget factor’ and why its identification is an important part of the budget preparation process. (3 marks) (c) Explain clearly, using data from part (a) above, how you would construct a spreadsheet to produce the labour requirements budget for August. Include a specimen cell layout diagram containing formulae which would illustrate the basis for the spreadsheet. (6 marks) (Total 25 marks) CIMA Stage 2 Operational Cost Accounting Question IM 15. 10 Intermediate: Preparation of functional budgets D Limited is preparing its annual budgets for the year to 31 December 2001. It manufactures and sells one product, which has a selling price of ? 150. The marketing director believes that the price can be increased to ? 160 with effect from 1 July 2001 and that at this price the sales volume for each quarter of 2001 will be as follows: Sales volume Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 40 000 50 000 30 000 45 000 Sales for each quarter of 2002 are expected to be 40 000 units. Each unit of the finished product which is manufactured requires four units of component R and three units of component T, together with a body shell S. These items are purchased from an outside supplier. Currently prices are: Component R Component T Shell S ?8. 00 each 5. 00 each ?30. 00 each The components are expected to increase in price by 10% with effect from 1 April 2001; no change is expected in the price of the shell. Assembly of the shell and components into the finished product requires 6 labour hours: labour is currently paid ? 5. 00 per hour. A 4% increase in wage costs is anticipated to take effect from 1 October 2001. Variable overhead costs are expected to be ? 10 per unit for the whole of 2001; fixed production overhead costs are expected to be ? 240 000 for the year, and are absorbed on a per unit basis. Stocks on 31 December 2000 are expected to be as follows: Finished units Component R Component T Shell S 9000 units 3000 units 5500 units 500 units Closing stocks at the end of each quarter are to be as follows: Finished units Component R Component T Shell S 110 10% of next quarter’s sales 20% of next quarter’s production requirements 15% of next quarter’s production requirements 10% of next quarter’s production requirements THE BUDGETING PROCESS Requirement: (a) Prepare the following budgets of D Limited for the year ending 31 December 2001, showing values for each quarter and the year in total: (i) sales budget (in ? s and units) (ii) production budget (in units) (iii) material usage budget (in units) (iv) production cost budget (in ? s). (15 marks) (b) Sales are often considered to be the principal budget factor of an organisation. Requirement: Explain the meaning of the ‘principal budget factor’ and, assuming that it is sales, explain how sales may be forecast making appropriate reference to the use of statistical techniques and the use of microcomputers. (10 marks) (Total 25 marks) CIMA Stage 2 Operational Cost Accounting The following data and estimates are available for ABC Limited for June, July and August. June July August (? ) (? ) (? ) Sales Wages Overheads 45 000 12 000 8 500 50 000 13 000 9 500 Question IM 15. 11 Intermediate: Preparation of cash budgets 60 000 14 500 9 000 The following information is available regarding direct materials: June (? ) Opening stock Material usage July (? ) August (? ) September (? ) 5000 8000 3500 9000 6 000 10 000 4000 Notes: 1. 10% of sales are for cash, the balance is received the following month. The amount received in June for May’s sales is ? 29 500. 2. Wages are paid in the month they are incurred. 3. Overheads include ? 1500 per month for depreciation. Overheads are settled the month following. ?6500 is to be paid in June for May’s overheads. 4. Purchases of direct materials are paid for in the month purchased. 5. The opening cash balance in June is ? 11 750. 6. A tax bill of ? 25 000 is to be paid in July. Required: (a) Calculate the amount of direct material purchases in each of the months of June, July and August. (3 marks) (b) Prepare cash budgets for June, July and August. (9 marks) (c) Describe briefly the advantages of preparing cash budgets. (3 marks) (Total marks 15) CIMA Stage 1 Cost Accounting THE BUDGETING PROCESS 111 Question IM 15. 12 Intermediate: Preparation of cash budgets A company is to carry out a major modernization of its factory commencing in two weeks time. During the modernization, which is expected to take four weeks to complete, no production of the company’s single product will be possible. The following additional information is available: (i) Sales/Debtors: Demand for the product at ? 100 per unit is expected to continue at 800 units per week, the level of sales achieved for the last four weeks, for one further week. It is then expected to reduce to 700 units per week for three weeks, before rising to a level of 900 units per week where it is expected to remain for several weeks. All sales are on credit, 50% being received in cash in the week following the week of sale and 50% in the week after that. (ii) Production/Finished goods stock: Production will be at a level of 1200 units per week for the next two weeks. Finished goods stock is 2800 units at the beginning of week 1. (iii) Raw material stock: Raw material stock is ? 36 000 at the beginning of week 1. This will be increased by the end of week 1 to ? 40 000 and reduced to ? 10 000 by the end of week 2. (iv) Costs (? per unit) Variable: Raw material Direct labour Overhead Fixed: Overhead 35 20 10 25 Fixed overheads have been apportioned to units on the basis of the normal output level of 800 units per week and include depreciation of ? 4000 per week. In addition to the above unit costs, overtime premiums of ? 5000 per week will be incurred in weeks 1 and 2. During the modernization variable costs will be avoided, apart from direct labour which will be incurred at the level equivalent to 800 units production per week. Outlays on fixed overheads will be reduced by ? 4000 per week. (v) Payments: Creditors for raw materials, which stand at ? 27 000 at the beginning of week 1, are paid in the week following purchase. All other payments are made in the week in which the liability is incurred. (vi) Liquidity: The company has a bank overdraft balance of ? 39 000 at the beginning of week 1 and an overdraft limit of ? 50 000. The company is anxious to establish the liquidity situation over the modernization period, excluding the requirements for finance for the modernization itself. Required: (a) Prepare a weekly cash budget covering the six-week period up to the planned completion of the modernization. (15 marks) (b) Comment briefly upon any matters concerning the liquidity situation which you feel should be drawn to the attention of management. (7 marks) (Total 22 marks) ACCA Level 1 Costing 112 THE BUDGETING PROCESS The Rosrock Housing Association has two types of housing estate in the Rosburgh area (A and B). The following information is available: (i) The association has its own squad of painters who carry out painting and decorating work on the housing estates. The estimated cost for each house in which the work will be done in 2001 is as follows: Painting (? ) (a) Direct material cost (b) Direct labour cost Question IM 15. 13 Advanced: Preparation of a cash budget and a decision whether to close a department and subcontract 75 270 (c) In 2001 overhead cost is absorbed at 20% on direct material cost plus 100% on direct labour cost. Only 30% of material related overhead and 331/3% of labour related overhead is variable, the remainder is fixed overhead and the absorption rate is arrived at using the budgeted number of houses which require painting and decorating each year. (d) Fixed overhead may be analysed into: 1. Items avoidable on cessation of the service 30% 2. Depreciation of equipment and premises 20% 3. Apportionment of head office costs 50% (e) Direct material and direct labour cost are wholly variable. (ii) The total number of houses of each type and the percentage requiring painting and decorating each year is as follows: Estate Type A Total number of houses Percentage of houses requiring maintenance each year: Estate Type B 500 30% 600 20% (iii) Where relevant, all future costs are expected to increase each year by a fixed percentage of the previous year’s level due to changes in prices and wage rates as follows: Direct material cost 5% Direct labour cost 7% Overhead cost 6% (iv) Forecast balances at 31 December 2000 and other cash flow timing information is as follows: (a) Creditors for materials: ? 2100. Credit purchases are 90% of purchases, the remainder being cash purchases. The credit purchases outstanding at a year end are estimated at 10% of the annual materials purchased on credit. There are no materials on hand on 31 December 2000. (b) Labour costs accrued: ? 2800. Labour costs outstanding at a year end are estimated at 4% of the annual total earnings for the year. (c) Creditors for variable overheads: ? 600. Variable overheads are paid 60% in the month of incidence and 40% in the month following. Variable overheads are deemed to accrue evenly each month throughout the year. (d) Fixed overheads are paid in twelve equal amounts with no accruals or prepayments. Required: (a) Prepare a cash budget for the existing painting and decorating function for the period 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2003 which shows the cash flows for each of the years 2001, 2002 and 2003. (Calculations should be rounded to the nearest whole ?. ) (14 marks) (b) An outside company has offered to undertake all painting and decorating work for a three year period 2001 to 2003 for a fixed fee of ? 135 000 per annum. THE BUDGETING PROCESS 113 (i) Calculate whether the offer should be accepted on financial grounds using the information available in the question. (2 marks) (ii) List and comment upon other factors which should be taken into account by Rosrock Housing Association management when considering this offer. (6 marks) (Total 22 marks) ACCA Level 2 Cost and Management Accounting Question IM 15. 14 Intermediate: Direct labour budget and labour cost accounting A company, which manufactures a range of consumer products, is preparing the direct labour budget for one of its factories. Three products are manufactured in the factory. Each product passes through two stages: filling and packing. Direct labour efficiency standards are set for each stage. The standards are based upon the number of units expected to be manufactured per hour of direct labour. Current standards are: Product 1 (units/hour) Filling Packing Product 2 (units/hour) Product 3 (units/hour) 125 95 300 100 250 95 Budgeted sales of the three products are: Product 1 Product 2 Product 3 850 000 units 1 500 000 units 510 000 units Production will be at the same level each month, and will be sufficient to enable finished goods stocks at the end of the budget year to be: Product 1 Product 2 Product 3 200 000 units 255 000 units 70 000 units Stocks at the beginning of the budget year are expected to be: Product 1 Product 2 Product 3 100 000 units 210 000 units 105 000 units After completion of the filling stage, 5% of the output of Products 1 and 3 is expected to be rejected and destroyed. The cost of such rejects is treated as a normal loss. A single direct labour hour rate is established for the factory as a whole. The total payroll cost of direct labour personnel is included in the direct labour rate. Hours of direct labour personnel are budgeted to be split as follows: % of Total time Direct work Holidays (other, than public holidays) Sickness Idle time Cleaning Training 80 7 3 4 3 003% 100% All direct labour personnel are employed on a full-time basis to work a basic 35 hour, 5 day, week. Overtime is to be budgeted at an average of 3 hours per 114 THE BUDGETING PROCESS employee, per week. Overtime is paid at a premium of 25% over the basic hourly rate of ? 4 per hour. There will be 250 possible working days during the year. You are to assume that employees are paid for exactly 52 weeks in the year. Required: Calculate: (a) The number of full-time direct employees required during the budget year. (14 marks) (b) The direct labour rate (? per hour, to 2 decimal places). (5 marks) (c) The direct labour cost for each product (pence per unit to 2 decimal places). (6 marks) (Total 25 marks) ACCA Level 1 Costing

Break Up of Soviet Union essays

Break Up of Soviet Union essays In this essay I am going to talk about the breakup of the Soviet Union and all of the events that took place before, during, and after the split up. I will look into the C.I.S (Commonwealth of Independent States), the Government, economy and the conflicts of the former U.S.S.R. In July of 1991, President Mikhail Gorbachev and ten other Repulic leaders all met and signed a treaty giving each Republic more self-government. Five more leaders were to sign the treaty on August 20, but on the 19th of the month Communist leaders, led by Boris Yeltsin planned a coup against Gorbachev's Government. They trapped him and his family in their vacation home just as they were preparing to return from their vacation in Crimea for the first signing of the union treaty. He was placed under house arrest but he refused to give in to the demands. While this was going on, protesters held demonstrations and strikes broke out all over the country. The Commuist party was suspended in many republics, including the Russian Federation. A few days after the coup, Gorbacev resigned from the party leadership. In the aftermath of the coup , Yeltsin emerged as the strongest political figure in the country. In September 1991 an interim government was set up until a new treaty could be worked out . This government included Gorbachev and the leaders of the On December 8th Russia proclaimed itself the Soviet Union's successor. Boris Yeltsin and the Presidents of Ukraine and Belarus announced the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States and that the U.S.S.R had no longer existed. The Commonwealth of Independent States was an association of nations that were formerly republics of the Soviet Union. They encouraged all others to join with them. On December 21, eleven republics joined, Armenia, Belarus. Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyztan, Moldova, Russia, Tajistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. Georgia became a m ...

Change Management Strategy in an Organisation

Change Management Strategy in an Organisation Change is inevitable: it is brought about by globalisation, change in customer needs, and technological developments among other factors. As much as change is inevitable, the nature of human being resists change; how well an organisation adopts to change, determines the competitive a company.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Change Management Strategy in an Organisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Leaders have the role of implementing strategies to effect change effectively in their organisation. Change may be rapid, where there is minimal time to plan and adjust processes and products in line with the expected change (Hayes 12-23). This paper discuses change management strategy in an organisation. Strategy A strategy is a thought system and process to be followed, with the aim of attaining certain set objectives. The strategy may be made by an expert, or it can be developed internally in an organisation to ensu re that better processes have been adopted. Implementing and managing a strategy is the final stage of a strategy, where elements and components of the strategy are put in place. In the case of change, a change strategy should be implemented and pioneered by change agents. Change management strategy Leadership of an organisation has the mandate of implementing and managing change. Businesses, countries and the world in general is facing massive change and developments, there are transition and development in different areas. Change should be gradual but should adopt a pace that ensures that the organisation will benefit from opportunities offered by change or mitigate any threats offered by changes in business world. An effective change management policy will ensure a smooth transition from old process development methods to the new form of production. Objectives of a change management program There are different reasons why change should be undertaken in an organisation. The prevai ling condition offers the objective to meet by the change process. Major objectives of a change management strategy are: Improve current working condition; this is through adoption of modern or relevant strategies, for example to implement risk management strategy, there are some change that need to be accommodate in an organization Adopt a different way of doing things and take advantage of available opportunities as other business opportunities are created Make new combinations of resources in an organization; this is mostly when better combination ways have been innovated Adopt new technology; scientific innovations and developments have resulted to technological innovation that robust organization should adopt for efficiency and effectiveness in internal and external processes. Change of business, target market, production formulae, management, job schedules, job description among other; this is where an organization need to take a different approach in business Have a differen t human resource management system, computer system among others Change management program The success of a change program is dependent on how employees in the organisation are going to adjust and the way they will perceive the change. The attitude towards change determines whether the process will be affected effectively or not. The change agents should take certain deliberate measures and follow a well thought process that is influenced by organisational culture of a company.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To implement a change strategy, the following process should be followed: Planning change This is where the need for a change in an organisation is recognised; at this stage, an analysis of prevailing condition in the industry is important. An internal and external audit is conducted to ensure that current position in market is recognised. Change agents shou ld undertake massive research on an area of deficit recognised so that they can devise appropriate mechanisms and strategies to an effective solution (Newman 56-78). Pilot study and management sensitisation After the area that need change has been recognised, the report of the change should be discussed with top management. This is a very important task since how well top management understand the change to come in an organisation, the more support they are likely to give to the change. Through brainstorming and involvement of experts, alterative are devised; if there are past organisations that have implemented any of the set alternatives, its performance should be evaluated. The risk areas are established to ensure that mitigation measures have been established. It is at this stage that the best alternative is chosen; this stage may take varying durations depending with the urgency of the problem at hand, however it should address all areas. Staff sensitisation and involvement Aft er the management have decided on the way forward, before taking any step further, they should involve their employees at all levels seeking their support. At this stage, employees are likely to have a number of questions regarding the change and how will be affected by the change. Change agents should be well versed with the expected change results and the effects it is likely to have on employees. In case some employees have some recommendations to the change, their views should not be locked out but should be included in the change process as long as they will not contradict the objectives targeted by the change. Employees should be made aware that they are part and parcel of the change process and the process should not be implemented on them rather they should be fully involved in the change process (Sadler and  James 34-46). Consolidating change When all things are set to go and attitude of employees towards the perceived change is positive, then the new strategy of doing th ings should be launched. Before switching the old strategy of doing things, the new strategy and the old one should be run concurrently to give a testing chance of the new strategy as employees learn and adjust to the new system.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Change Management Strategy in an Organisation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sometime there are improvements that become necessary after implementation; such improvements should be done before the old system has been switched off. Support, monitoring, improvement and control of the new system should also be embarked on. Managers role in change Management Leaders in an organisation are mandated with the task of pioneering a business to its desired objectives; they are the change agents. In transitional period the leaders is the one who guides subordinates to the desired path. They make rules and policies to be followed in attaining the goals: without disreg arding their subordinates. Change needs to be planned at all, times when it is being implemented and conducted in such a way that it will be accepted in the business (Hiatt and Creasey 8-12). Change best practice Change Best practice is the approach that a company can adopt to undergo the change process effectively; it involves accommodating all people. Although different strategies of change management are used in different companies, John P Kotters has come up with an eight-stage change best practice model, as follows: Increase urgency After the top management has understood and backed the change process, change agents goes down the hierarchy to create awareness on expected changes in the company. Focus is on the specific departments that will be affected. Having round table meetings where the expected change is discussed is necessary. Relevant inputs from employees are accommodated. Build the guiding team At this stage, people have diverse views, fears and optimisms; depending wi th an individual. Change agents should work closely to explain finer details of the projects and remove doubts and tensions created. This stage call for professionalism since it can break the entire system if a negative perception is created in the mind of the employees. Communicate for buy-in This stage, employees undergo necessary training on how they are expected to conduct themselves after the change process. Those employees who are still resistance should be given one-on-one approach where issues and their fears are aired out. Empower action Change agents guide the employees to see the practicability of the new way of doing things, depending with the development; this stage can be delayed to later date. Any issues and misunderstandings are polished at this stage as employees learn more about the new system and its operations. Note at this stage, the old system still is on.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Create short-term wins The new change is given a full test without doing away with the old one. The new system dominate in activities, this stage gives the company the chance to evaluate the new system as employees learn it further. Dont let up In case the new system has disappointments, it should not be done away with; it should be reinforced and accustomed further for the business. Make change stick At this stage, the company will have understood the change and ready to work with it. The old system is switched off and mechanisms mechanism to evaluate, appraise and upgrade to the new system are put in place (Sadler and  James 45-76) Conclusion People are static to change; however, if an organisation implements an effective change program, then change can be smooth and effective. An effective change strategy should involve employees of an organisation at different levels and sort for their continued support. Hayes, Johns. The Theory and practice of Change Management . New York: P algrave Macmillan, 2010. Print. Hiatt, Jeff, and   Creasey Timothy. Change management: the people side of change. Colorado: Prosci, 2003. Print. Newman, Janet. Modernising Governance. Belmont: SAGE Publications, 2001. Print. Sadler, Philip, and  James Craig. Strategic management. London: Kogan Page Publishers, 2003. Print.

Term paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 4

Term paper - Essay Example Currently, technology has developed to invent mobile phones which can access any information with convenience. As a result of easy access to information, there has been significant change in how people view information. The use of internet has not only made life more convenient but also changed the entire world. The network has become a major platform of mainstream media unlike previously when the media was just newspapers, televisions, and radio. The network has facilitated saving of resources besides availing more information in less time. Today, more and more people are able connect to people from across the world through social networks. Numerous social platforms have emerged with Facebook being the most famous. Facebook has evolved since its creation in 2004 by Zuckerburg, to become party of people’s daily lives. People access the application through laptops, computers, iPad, and smartphones. Through this application an individual can publish their real names, images, emails, relationship status, as well as birthdays. Various people have understand privacy in varying perspectives, particularly the youth. Most young people have an immature and incomplete understanding of the world. Currently, the main challenge that needs to be addressed is whether the online article about Facebook has an impact on college students’ understanding on personal confidentiality problem. Facebook offers a great platform that allows individuals to interact with more people online as well as know themselves better. However, sometimes too much personal details are exposed to the public. This excessive exposure results to too many negative consequences. Although the laws stipulates the right to freedom of expression, instances of cyber bullying, phishing, as well as, malicious slanders have increased at an alarming rate in people’s daily lives. These consequences will normally emerge since the application user’s privacy is not adequately

Tv program evaluation (modern family) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tv program evaluation (modern family) - Essay Example Among the three families, Claire’s family may seem to be the most traditional, but twists in the plot makes it more complex than usual. Modern Family depicts the possible mixture of modern families in America. It tackle issues that was once in a life time considered taboo, such as inter-racial marriages, same sex unions, and age gap differences. The sitcom introduces a break on the prejudice created by tradition and creates more complex characters, defying proper convention. It is realistic in a way, as it involves problems usually taken by modern families and effective ways to cope with them. An example is the bias depicted against Gloria, a Columbian native with his son Manny who have entered into the lives of the Pritchett by marrying Jay, a man twice his age. Another example is the same sex union between Mitch and Cameron, and their attempt to create a normal family by adopting a child, to which their father Jay, at first did not approve of. The show also breaks stereotype s in gender roles. This is best shown in how Mitch and Cameron, despite being both a man, creates a sort of roles of father and mother. Mitch being a lawyer, is the provider of the family, while Cameron, a former music teacher chose to quit his job to take care of the household and their adopted child, Lily. It shows that even in an unconventional gay family, stereotypes and roles are made.

Civil service and economic freedom Essay Example for Free

Civil service and economic freedom Essay Around a decade ago, Hong Kong became the hottest topic not because of some festival but rather due to a political event. On July 1, 1997, the sovereignty of Hong Kong was officially transferred to the Peoples Republic of China from the United Kingdom. The Handover, as it is most often called, signaled the official end of British rule on the colony. At present, Hong Kong is one of the top financial centers of the world. It cannot be denied however that the handover was a significant event in its history. It is therefore important to keep in mind that in studying the history of Hong Kong and learning about the place, one has to give emphasis on this event. One resource to read is a paper written by Ming K. Chan titled, â€Å"The Legacy of the British Administration of Hong Kong: A View from Hong Kong,† published in The China Quarterly in 1997. In the paper, Chan gives his insights on four major contributions by the British to Hong Kong as cited by Christopher Patten, the last British Governor of the colony. The four major contributions are rule of law, democratization, civil service and economic freedom. Chan uses these four points raised as his starting points in discussing the legacies of the British. Chan however does not stop merely at describing what these legacies are but goes on to show its weaknesses and flaws. Under the rule of law for example, he states that the legal system implemented by the British in Hong Kong was, like most legal system, aimed at providing fair and equal justice to every citizen. These same laws though turned out to be not only draconian in nature but also discriminatory. Specifically laws that were said to be anti-Chinese thus failing to achieve the aim that it was designed to give. One example of its failure is that during the British rule, English and not Chinese was the preferred language used by courts. As a result, even if the courts practiced a jury system, only those who were able to attain a higher education were able to serve. In effect, this implies that the jury system failed because it did not represent the society in general. The paper also contests the idea that Hong Kong had economic freedom. The paper admits that while Hong Kong did achieve a world class status, the British still intervened in matters that carried significant importance. The principle of laissez-faire, while a good economic concept, was instead misused to the point that it covered up unfair practices by the government. An example is the rule requiring the use of motor vehicles manufactured by the British public buses. While civil service has always been considered as the foundation of British rule, the reality in Hong Kong is that the state of the civil service system is not as efficient as it seems. The paper considers this as somewhat ironic since the localization of the civil service only when the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed. The paper further cites that with the hierarchy being led by people who have little or no understanding of China or even the Chinese community in Hong Kong, their effectiveness as administrators is rather lessened. The biggest failure though is under the British civil service system, those in power failed to participate in the issue of the reintegration.

Maintaining the Audiences Interest in Talking Heads :: Talking Heads Alan Bennet Essays

Maintaining the Audience's Interest in Talking Heads One character talking to a camera for half an hour, Do you call that drama? How does Alan Bennet try to maintain the audience’s interest in his Talking Heads? In A Lady of Letters, Patricia Routledge plays the part of Irene Ruddock, who is a very lonely woman that has an obsession with writing letters to everyone to complain about the smallest of things. She lives by herself, and has done since her mother died. A Lady of Letters is a drama because it includes different amounts of lighting at certain points of the video. Routledge also acts when she is speaking to the camera, for example she gets very upset at some points e.g. when she talks about when the police told her the little boy over the road had died of leukaemia. She also expresses herself well by her actions. At first Irene seems like a very highly classed woman, very respectable and knows what is wrong and right. She also appears to be a very respectable lady. We know this because in the video, it shows her having her tea and biscuits with a napkin. However, throughout the video, we see some changes to Irene; we see that she might not be as respectable as we first thought. One of these reasons is because when she goes to the doctors, she says â€Å"I said I was getting upset, like I did before†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This indicates that she may have been ill because of certain happenings which were probably to do with the letters which she writes. Shortly after this, she lets us know about when the vicar came around, talking to her about god. She then tells us about how she is an Atheist. We do not expect this because you would have thought someone as respectable as Irene would believe in God and go to church every Sunday morning. â€Å"They don’t expect you to be an atheist when you’re a miss†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This shows that because she told the Vicar that she was an atheist, he did not know what to say, because he like us expected her to believe in God and go to church like every other respectable lady like her. Next we hear about her visit from the Police, which is where we find out what she really is like. At first, the male police man talks about the different types of letters which she had wrote in the past, and then we find out that she has been told to keep the peace by the courts. At this point, we finally realise that she isn’t that

Action and Communication Plan final for Choice Point

Security of data Data accuracy – to prevent information getting into the wrong hands Install security cameras – to mitigate data error Thorough lay verify new customer applications all, website, background, bank account and reference, and visit Shift focus of data gathering strategies to accuracy rather than number of entries. Randomly check the data and if it is incorrect set penalty to data providers Document the incidents as evidence Appoint liaison to lamentation Refuse to sell â€Å"sensitive† information (USN, Drivers license number, etc. To small business and Pl. And to big business that has no proven cause to use such information. Privacy – to prevent intrusion of privacy Policy of immediate notification to consumer when personal information was compromised Set up legal team specifically working with gal authorities to keep the company in the loop and so the company knows early what is coming and plan to handle.Corporate Action Plan – to mit igate future possibility of incidents Set up a crisis/risk management team to assess possible crises and key indicators, set guidelines and handbooks, crisis plan, training (on a regular basis and with everyone involved), simulations, and design suspicion report and incident report Re-assess the rules of business conduct (as above) and announce so that every stakeholder can follow increase employee awareness & alarm system Establish complaints division – to review inaccuracies, correctSet up center to handle internal communication and standards Provide public with accurate information about the leak/breach of data & ensuring all Issue a corporation wide memo via email creating awareness about the situation tools/resources associated with it are locked down from further use Allow individuals affected to request change or corrections of data via website or calling complaints department Provide mandatory training & scenario planning regularly.

Organizational Culture Analysis Essay

Each organization has a different culture. The culture can help shape how an organization functions and has the potential to set it apart from the competition. There are three levels to culture: observable artifacts, espoused values, and enacted values (Baack, 2012). Each level plays a different part within an organization. State Farm Insurance is the larges mutual property and casualty insurance carrier in the United States. The company was founded over 90 years ago and has had plenty of time to develop their layers of culture. Observable artifacts are the outward viewable signs of an organization. Observable artifacts are viewed not only by the employees of the company but also by outsiders. State Farm has a various artifacts. The company has a recognizable logo and slogan, â€Å"Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there†. These have artifacts are recognizable in most households. On an internal level, yearly there are ceremonies that the company conducts to reinforce the feeling of family. Yearly the company holds Christmas in the Atrium where Santa comes for all of the employees and their families to visit. Annual Easter parties and Founder’s Day celebrations also encourage the neighborly atmosphere, keeping in line with the slogan. According to Baack (2012), espoused values are aspirational opposed to the actual outcome. The values set forth by the company are to act as a guide but are not always achievable. State Farm includes its values within the mission statement, â€Å"†¦quality service and relationships, mutual trust, integrity and financial strength† (State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, 2013). The most recent value set by the company is to be remarkable. Employees not only need to strive to give remarkable service to the agents and the policyholders but also be remarkable in the interactions with fellow employees. The idea of providing remarkable service guides how employees are to work everyday. It defines the product being sold and the interaction with policyholders. The last layer of culture is enacted values. These values are the actual behaviors exhibited by the employees. Rick Darby of Safety Culture (2012) stated, â€Å"the enacted values of an organization†¦may be at a considerable distance from those proclaimed in official statements and public relations material†. In the case of State Farm and being â€Å"remarkable†, employees are having a hard time providing the remarkable service. Slow systems, being short handed, and a disconnect between operation employees and agents, contribute to less than remarkable service. These enacted values differ from what the company would like but not much has been done to rectify the situation. Darby (2012) believed if a great gap was found between enacted values of the employees and the espoused values of upper management, there could be confusion and dissatisfaction. The dissatisfaction found in employees can start to alter the observable artifacts of the company. The recognition of State Farm for being an admired company will stop being awarded if management does not address the enacted value of its employees. The three levels of culture contribute to how an organization is presented to the public. Observable artifacts, espoused values, and enacted values all supply a foundation for the organization’s culture. The culture of the organization is part of what defines their success and growth. State Farm is known as the good neighbor company but needs to address the enacted values of the employees in order to provide the remarkable experience it is striving for. References Baack, D. (2012). Organizational Behavior. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Darby, R. (2012, April). Pyramid Building. Safety Culture , pp. 52-55. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company. (2013). State Farm. Retrieved February 25, 2013, from State Farm web site: www.statefarm.com

Asbestos essays

Asbestos essays Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral. It is similar to other minerals in all ways except one: its crystal development. The crystal formation is in the form of long thin fibers. Over the years, it has had many uses. Primarily, it is used as an insulator or fire retardant. Due to its versatility and excellent insulating characteristics, asbestos can be found in many types of buildings. Although the government placed a moratorium on the production of most asbestos products in the early 1970s, installation of these products continued into the early 1980s. Although small exposure to asbestos is not dangerous, people who are exposed to asbestos on a consistent basis are at an increased risk of lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestos. Although asbestos is known to many people as a dangerous pollutant in its natural state, the mineral occurs throughout much of the planet. It is found in two-thirds of the rocks in the earths crust, and its fibers are released by erosion and carried by the wind. Therefore, depending on where you live, you are most likely inhaling between 10,000 and 15,000 fibers per day. Research shows that 99% of the worlds current asbestos production is chrysotile, a fiber which, when inhaled in small quantities, has no threat to a persons health. The controversy with asbestos concerns fibers and products that were used in the past, often improperly, and these fibers and products are prohibited today. Asbestos, being a versatile mineral, can be found in numerous places throughout the home because of its thermal insulation, fire protection, and strengthening of other materials. Insulating materials in ceilings, roofs, household appliances, pipe coverings, etc. all contained asbestos. Floor coverings such as vinyl tiles also contained asbestos because of the products strengthening ability. Household appliances contained asbestos for the use of its thermal insulation in ...

Biography of Diego de Almagro, Spanish Conquistador

Biography of Diego de Almagro, Spanish Conquistador Diego de Almagro (1475–July 8, 1538) was a Spanish soldier and conquistador, famous for his role in the defeat of the Inca Empire in Peru and Ecuador and his later participation in a bloody civil war among the victorious conquistadors. He rose from humble beginnings in Spain to a position of wealth and power in the New World, only to be defeated by his former friend and ally Francisco Pizarro. His name is often associated with Chile: He led an expedition of exploration and conquest there in the 1530s, although he found the land and its people too harsh and tough. Fast Facts: Diego de Almagro Known For: Helped conquer the Inca EmpireBorn: 1475 in Almagro, Castile (now Spain)Parents: Juan de Montenegro, Elvira Gutià ©rrezDied: July 8, 1538 in Cuzco, PeruSpouse: Ana Martinez  Children: Diego de  Almagro el Mozo Early Life Diego de Almagro was born illegitimately in Almagro, in present-day Spain, which explains why his name is based on his place of birth rather than his parents, Juan de Montenegro and Elvira Gutià ©rrez. According to most accounts, his father shunned him; when he was very young he was raised by his mother or a servant of his mother. At any rate, his parents were of little help to him as he grew up. Later, he was raised by his maternal uncle Hernn Gutià ©rrez, but he is believed to have struck out on his own around age 15. At some point, he is thought to have served in the Spanish navy. By 1514 he was in the New World- possibly after killing a man in a fight- having arrived with the fleet of Pedrarà ­as Dvila, a colonial administrator. A tough, determined, ruthless soldier, Almagro quickly rose through the ranks of the adventurers who were conquering the New World. He was older than most, approaching 40 by the time of his arrival in Panama. He eventually took a common-law wife, Ana Martinez, and they had a son, Diego de Almagro el Mozo. The latter part of the sons name is variously translated as the younger or the lad. Panama Gov. Dvilas first mainland outpost was created in the isthmus of Panama. The spot that Dvila picked for the settlement was humid and buggy, and the settlement struggled to survive. The highlight of this period was without a doubt Vasco Nà ºÃƒ ±ez de Balboas overland voyage that discovered the Pacific Ocean. Three of the hardened soldiers of the Panama expedition were Almagro, Francisco Pizarro, and the priest Hernando de Luque. Almagro and Pizarro were important officers and soldiers, having participated by this time in various expeditions. Exploring the South Almagro and Pizarro remained in Panama for a few years before receiving news of Hernn Cortà ©s’ stunning conquest of the Aztec Empire. Together with Luque, the two men put together a proposal to the Spanish king to outfit and direct an expedition of a conquest to the south. The Inca Empire was as yet unknown to the Spanish: they had no idea who or what they would find down south. The king accepted the proposal, and Pizarro set forth with about 200 men. Almagro remained in Panama to send men and supplies to Pizarro. Conquest of the Inca In 1532, Almagro heard that Pizarro and 170 men had captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa and were ransoming him for a treasure unlike any the world had ever seen. Almagro hurriedly gathered reinforcements and departed for present-day Peru, catching up with his old partner in April 1533. His 150 well-armed Spaniards were a welcome sight to Pizarro. Soon the conquistadors began hearing rumors of the approach of an Inca army under Gen. Rumià ±ahui. In a panic, they decided to execute Atahualpa. The Spanish somehow managed to hold onto the Empire. Troubles with Pizarro Once the Inca Empire was pacified, Almagro and Pizarro began having troubles. The crown’s division of Peru was vague: The wealthy city of Cuzco fell under Almagro’s jurisdiction, but the powerful Pizarro and his brothers held it. Almagro went north and participated in the conquest of Quito, but the north was not as rich. Almagro seethed at what he saw as Pizarros schemes to cut him out of the New World loot. He met with Pizarro and it was decided in 1534 that Almagro would take a large force south into present-day Chile, following rumors of vast wealth. His issues with Pizarro were left unsettled. Chile The rumors turned out to be false, and the journey was arduous. The conquistadors had to cross the treacherous, mighty Andes, which took the lives of several Spaniards and countless African slaves and native allies. Once they arrived, they found Chile to be a harsh land, full of tough-as-nails Mapuche natives who fought Almagro and his men on several occasions. After two years of exploring and finding no rich empires like the Aztecs or Incas, Almagro’s men prevailed upon him to return to Peru and claim Cuzco as his own. Civil War Almagro returned to Peru in 1537 to find Manco Inca, an Inca prince who had been a puppet ruler of the Inca Empire, in open revolt against Pizarros forces, who were on the defensive in the highlands and the city of Lima. Almagros army was weary and tattered but still formidable, and he was able to drive off Manco. Almagro saw the revolt as an opportunity to seize Cuzco and quickly engaged the Spaniards who were loyal to Pizarro. He had the upper hand at first, but Pizarro sent another force up from Lima in early 1538. They soundly defeated Almagro and his men at the battle of Las Salinas. Death Almagro fled to Cuzco, but men loyal to the Pizarro brothers pursued and captured him there. Almagro was sentenced to death, a move that stunned most of the Spanish in Peru, as he had been elevated to a nobleman by the Spanish king some years before. He was executed by garrote, an iron collar slowly tightened around the neck, on July 8, 1538, and his body was put on public display. Legacy The unexpected execution of Almagro had far-reaching consequences for the Pizarro brothers, turning many against them in the New World as well as in Spain. The civil wars did not end. In 1542 Almagro’s son, then 22, led a revolt that resulted in the murder of Francisco Pizarro. Almagro the Younger was quickly caught and executed, ending Almagro’s direct line. Today, Almagro is remembered chiefly in Chile, where he is considered an important pioneer even though he left no real lasting legacy there other than having explored some of it. Pedro de Valdivia, one of Pizarro’s lieutenants, finally conquered and settled Chile. Sources Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca. Pan Books, 2004.Herring, Hubert. A History of Latin America From the Beginnings to the Present. Alfred A. Knopf, 1962.Diego de Almagro. Euston.Diego de Almagro. Encyclopedia.com.Diego de Almagro: Spanish Conquistador. Encyclopedia Brittanica.

Aspects of Contract and Negligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Aspects of Contract and Negligence - Essay Example The Facts of Donoghue and Stevenson, and the Importance of This Judicial Precedent It is a civil action between two people (Mrs May Donoghue v. David Stevenson). It is important to state that it is not a criminal prosecution. On 26 August 1928, Mrs Donoghue was bought a drink by her friend at the Wellmeadow Cafe in Paisley. She consumed a portion of ginger beer, which contained an ice-cream float. All was well up to this point. However, when the other portion of the bottle was emptied into her glass, something that seemed to be decomposing remains of a snail floated out. The incident made Mrs Donoghue to feel unwell. Mrs Donoghue sued David Stevenson (the manufacturer of the ginger beer) (Scottish Council of Law Reporting 2008, p1). This judicial precedent was of great importance since it was decided by a jury. Most of the civil cases are decided by a judge without the involvement of a jury (Scottish Council of Law Reporting 2008, p1). What Has To Be Proved In Civil Action In Neglige nce And By Whom? A cause of action is a set of facts that establishes a right or claim to sue in the United Kingdom law. A cause of action justifies the commencement of legal proceedings. There are various causes of action. Each action requires certain elements to be proved by the claimant if he or she has to win the case. All the elements of cause of action must be thoroughly explained in the claim with supporting law and facts. The application of the facts based on the law must result in a logical decision and a claim for proper remedy. In civil litigation, the components of each cause of action have to be proved based on the balance of probabilities. A cause of action can emerge from an omission or act, violation of individual rights, failure to execute legal obligation or a breach of duty. All these have to be proved by the claimant in civil action in negligence. The circumstances or facts can cause an individual to seek legal remedy. For instance, in all cases of negligence, th e following elements of cause of action must be considered duty of care, breach of duty, and causation (FindLaw 2012, p1). How Compensation Can Be sought For the Distress Suffered and Loss of Earnings Compensation for damage caused by professional negligence or a breach of contract is usually difficult to deal with especially for the innocent party. In other words, it is difficult for the claimant to be compensated for the distressed suffered and loss of earnings. Decisions made by courts do not award compensation for distress, inconvenience, or anxiety. This is because if they permitted a claim for stress in the simple cases, it would probably open doors for more litigation. However, there are exceptions if the contrary outcome is procured. The objectives of each contract is to offer relaxation, free from molestation, peace of mind or pleasure, thus, damages can be awarded if one or all of the mentioned objectives are not met (Pro Neg 2011, p1). The Lord Atkins’s neighbour p rinciples are applicable in this case. According to the principle, the rule to love the neighbour in law is translated to indicate that the neighbour must not be injured. An individual must be very careful to avoid omissions or acts that can probably injure the neighbour. In law, a neighbour is someone who is directly and closely influenced by the actions of another individual (Chan 2011, p9). Thus, the claimant can seek compensation for

Strategies for Reaching global markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Strategies for Reaching global markets - Essay Example According to Kanter (1995) such an action will not constitute an adequate response. This is so because success is based on an organisation’s ability to create, rather than predict the future by developing those products that will literally transform the way the world thinks (Kanter 1995:71). Within the context of today’s global competition, businesses and firms no longer compete as individual companies but try to corporate with other businesses in their activities (Wu & Chien 2007:2). These researchers went further to argue that, this strategy has become quite common in many businesses. The conventional vertical integrated company based business model is gradually being replaced by collaborative relationship between many fragmented, but complementary and specialized value stars and constellation (Wu & Chien:1). Against this background, this paper examines the various strategies used by companies to reach the global market. The first part of the paper, examines forms of foreign direct investment, the second part appreciates each of the methods while the last part of the paper presents the summary, conclusion and recommendation. In the years that follow after the Second World War, trade and investment have become increasingly intertwined. Within the first few decades after the war, most countries from Asia and Africa viewed Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) with suspicion, and wariness and the flow of FDI towards these areas has been relatively slower (Buckley 2004, Sumelong et al., 2003). To most of these countries, the presence of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) was seen as an impeachment to their national sovereignty. The situation was further aggravated with previous colonial experience and the fact that to some, FDI was a modern form of economic colonialism (Sumulong, Fan & Brooks 2003). According to the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the flow of FDI has substantially changed the

Public transport information systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public transport information systems - Essay Example The plan for the journey should be chalked out in such a way that it will become very efficient for people to access it, moreover, with the system of electronic ticketing and all sorts of information regarding the fare. Background of Public Transport Information System In many developed and developing nations the need of an integrated public transport has been felt long ago and many countries including USA, UK, various other European countries, India, etc. governments of these countries have already installed the system in many of their cities and have made several plans for making the system more effective. For example, in UK the Government already had a 10 year plan that it will provide an integrated system of Public Transport Information System wherein people will gain in confidence on its service. In any country, this service is always based on based on the aim of providing clean, fair, efficient and safe mode of transportation. The key objective is to provide information all tim e on transport facilities by operators and authorities in charge of the public transport system. (Department of Transport, UK, pg. 2-3) In UK, there was a Public Transport Act of 2000 wherein it is said guidance has been detailed on how and how much information should be delivered, when asked, by local authorities and in what way the information should be made available to the customers. In this regard, the operators and the authorities should consult with the bus user groups and the traffic commissioner. (Department of Transport, UK, pg. 2-3) The information that is being delivered by the traffic operators and authorities are issued on paper but a great deal of information can be issued electronically. This will not only save time but also will deliver the information within the correct timeline, inclusive of all sorts of delay and incidents. On this purpose, equipments and systems has been routed for both buses and rails. (LIU p 1-2) In this regard, there are two types of informat ion. One is the Journey Planning Information and another being the In-Journey Information which includes information at stop or station. (LIU p 1-2) The information on Journey Planning is facilitated by a range of network owners and service provider websites and also from the National Railways Telephone enquiry service. In order to provide information on public transport through very often a series of regional centers linked with one another. Sometimes, in many countries, particularly in European countries, these regional centers are being run by a group of local authorities, bus operators and passenger transport executives who have partnership on the contract. These regional centers which provide information on local basis can be developed and linked together so as to enable service on national level with the provision of national real time information. (Nijkamp, p.137-139) In the other type of information system, called the In-Journey information, the system is based on real time information system which is being provided by the individual operators, which has been tested and proven in several trail sites. (Nijkamp, p.137-139) The development of the pubic information transport system frequently focuses on another key area of collation and delivery on information of fare so the passenger’

Ratio Analysis Memo Essay Example for Free

Ratio Analysis Memo Essay The following memo will explain the findings of the financial statement analysis for 2008 for Berry’s Bug Blasters as well as offer advice significant decreases in profits or increases in liabilities if they apply. Some quick facts: Liquidity is up for 2008 Current ratio shows we pay assets 5.99 times for every current liability, an increase of 62% from 2007 Significant liquidity ratio decrease in 2008 was in inventory turnover Inventory tuning over 6.67 times per year, down 42% from 2007 Berry’s Bug Blasters inventory turnover is affecting the profits. The profitability ratios decreased with the stockholders’ equity decreasing the most by 56%. The interest expense for 2007 and 2008 has been eliminated. Berry’s Bug Blasters total debt was decreased to assets by 24% in 2007 to 16%, the company’s number now shows solvency. In order to determine if a company will meet short term debt obligations liquid ratios are used by businesses and investors. Berry’s Bug Blasters has proven short term obligations 5.99 times to 1 liability. At the point when an owner or investor evaluates an organizations liquidity ratios, they are utilizing data from the Balance Sheet to evaluate if an organization has the assets and the ability to pay off short term liabilities. Berry’s Bug Blasters have met the mark. Stakeholders use profitability ratios to pick up understanding on the adequacy or sufficiency of an organizations profits. Loaning organizations and investors will utilize profitability ratios to help focus the conceivable financial related profits for the investment into that particular organization. Administration inside of an organization can use profitability ratios to issue territories inside of the organization and make any vital enhancements to enhance execution in those areas. The accompanying attachments will demonstrate that we have decreased in the amount of profit margin. This decrease demonstrates that business has hindered in 2008. Berrys Bug Blaster may need to look over marketing  methodologies to produce more business in the impending year. Solvency ratios are for the most part utilized by long term lenders and stakeholders. Both clients are utilizing solvency ratios to focus the long term quality and survival of an organization. Long term monetary quality of an organization is essential to these clients to demonstrate that an organization will have the capacity to pay off debt and accrued interest of a mature debt. Berrys Bug Blasters has made a decent showing of decreasing the measure of amount of total debt to assets. Generally speaking, Berrys Bug Blasters is in great financial health in correlation to others in the business. An intercompany near analysis was performed utilizing our organizations nearest traded on an open market contender, Rollins Inc. Like Berrys Bug Blasters, Rollins Inc. provides pest and termite control services to business and private customers. The Rollins Inc. SEC filed 10-K for the period ending 12/31/08, the attached ratio, horizontal and vertical analysis are the source documents for the data below. The profit margin is by far the most valuable accounting aspect for any company. Berry’s Bug Blasters has doubled the profit margin (16%) other than Rollins Inc. (6.6%) In regards to solvency, Berry’s Bug Blasters incurred no interest expense while Rollins Inc. paid $761,000 interest expense. Another commonly used profitability ratio used primarily by investors is the return on common stockholders’ equity. Berry’s Bug Blasters and Rollins Inc. performed splendidly and tied at 30%. The ratio, horizontal, and vertical analysis performed managers, creditors, and investors can see that Berry’s Bug Blasters remains competitive, and is a valuable investment. I hope you have gained further insight into the financial health of Berry’s Bug Blasters. References: Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D., Kieso, D.E. (2010). Financial Accounting (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Apollo Group Virtual Organization. (2011). Berrys Bug Blasters. Retrieved from:https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/Berrys/index.asp on July 24, 2015.

The Shark :: Literary Analysis, E.J Pratt

In â€Å"The Shark† by EJ Pratt, the poet tends to use â€Å"he† when referring to the shark. The poet also describes the shark in a way that leads us to think that the shark is a symbol representing war. The poet suggests this by using metal descriptions of the shark such as â€Å"sheet iron†, â€Å"three-cornered†, â€Å"knife-edge†, â€Å"tubular† and â€Å"metallic grey† (4-6, 10, 19-20). So it could be that the poet is doing this to associate the shark with weapons used as war alas the association of metal in the poem. In my version, the shark is â€Å"she† rather than â€Å"he†. This changes the meaning of the poem. The meaning that I am trying to send to the readers is how women tend to think of each other. In the original version, the poet associates the shark with metal description. In my version, the metal descriptions as mentioned above are now â€Å"pennant flag†, â€Å"silvery grey†, â€Å"kee n-edge† and â€Å"cannular† (4-6, 10, 19-20). Women are different from men. They do not use violence to solve matters, but rather they use their words and intelligence. When using these words, you can feel the change of tone from a harder tone to a softer one which is similar to the difference of violence and words. In line 15, the shark snaps at a flat-fish. In my version also line 15, the shark only glowers because females are not as aggressive as males. Females tend to look down upon other females just as the shark is doing in the poem. Throughout â€Å"The Shark† by EJ Pratt, the poet places a lot of effective diction such as â€Å"leisurely†, â€Å"stirred†, â€Å"snapped†, â€Å"flash†, â€Å"shearing and â€Å"lithely† (2, 7, 15,17,23-25). These words are effective due to their tone and meaning. Comparing â€Å"snapped† to â€Å"glowered†, â€Å"glowered† has a less dangerous tone (15). In my version, replacing all the effective diction changes the tone of the poem. In the original version, the poet describes the shark in a way that guides us to believe that the shark is an impenetrable, fearless and powerful creature using metal descriptions of the shark such as â€Å"sheet iron†, â€Å"three-cornered†, â€Å"knife-edge†, â€Å"tubular† and â€Å"metallic grey† (4-6, 10, 19-20).With the changes of the diction, the feeling is no longer there and now creates a feminine feeling of the shark, where the shark seems le ss terrifying due to different wording such as â€Å"lithely† to â€Å"slenderly† (24). In the original version, there is repetition of the word â€Å"leisurely† which is now â€Å"casually† (2, 25).

Behaviors related to microeconomics concepts

Most of us have always wondered why this always happen when they visit a barber. This is just because of the economic concept. The cost of operations in shaving the beards is even more because more care is needed while shaving and different customers have different styles on how they it to be shaved. This wastes time and energy and to pay for this, the price has really to be high. The expenses that are incurred when perfuming this service is the same with that one that you will apply when performing other services and hence there is no reason whatsoever for its price being low.Another factor is the skill factor in that while shaving the beards, more skill is required and this is reflected in price. As much as in shaving the head any other barber can do it the beard shaving requires potential and qualified barbers and it is this that makes the prices improve upwards. (Perloff, M. J 1999) Why does it cost higher for a woman delivering in a private hospital than that one delivering in a government hospital? Most of the women who go in private hospitals are considered as working class.Although the services rendered may be the same as those in public hospital most of them will prefer going I n private hospitals because of their status. most of the consumers do consider social class as a factor while purchasing products or services in the market like if a dress is sold in the market at $8, and the same dress of the same quality from the same company is sold in a beauty mall at a price of $ 15, a consumer who considers herself as from high class will rather go for that dress in a shopping mall than that one in the market because she tends to think that her status does not allow her to purchase in markets.In fact producers take this as opportunities that they think should be utilized and increase prices in high class shops and reduce in low class shops to just increase the total sales in their organization. The doctors on the other hand, will want to serve more clients within a short time to increase their portfolio income but affect the customers by attending more in less time. The real money in a consumer’s portfolio is the one that will determine where he should seek his service. It is actually this factor that determine where and what a consumer should purchase depending on his capability to pay for the services rendered.That is why high qualified doctors can decide to open their own clinic that will cater for another class of people thus serving the needs of most of the consumers in the market. In today’s market, the key point is actually identifying the need of the customer and fulfilling it. (Mas-Colell. A. et al 1995). Why are veils quite expensive in US than in Saudi Arabia? If there are so many customers in Saudi Arabia who need to purchase this commodity, then how come it is still cheap there yet the demand is also high! The prices should have actually gone up to cut down on the demand .This is not the case because of thi s culture factor that most organizations need to consider. Most of the people in Saudi Arabia are Muslims and thus most of them need veil as a requirement because of their faiths. This is unlike the customers us who may be assumed as just those who want it for luxury. The way the veil is taken as a cloth required during the worship is not the way it will be taken in the US market hence the prices will probably go high. Culture being important in the consumer behavior has a real impact in any organization.If a customer perceives that a certain commodity is the best however much it may tend to be expensive, a customer will sacrifice and ay the premium price for this commodity than purchasing another commodity that he has no confidence with it. (Pindyck, R. et al, 2004) Bibliography Mas-Colell. A. et al (1995), Microeconomics Theory, Oxford University Press Perloff, M. J (1999), Microeconomics: Incentives in an Imperfect World, Addison-Wesley Longman. Pindyck, R. et al, (2004), Microec onomics, Pearson Prentice hall

State of the Philippine Agrarian Reform Program

STATE OF THE PHILIPPINE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM Final examination in Economics 1 Room 642 5:31-6:31 Submitted by: Cresanelle Polo Submitted to  : Mr. Ceferino Manigos INTRODUCTION â€Å"Tuwid na Daan†Ã‚  or the Straight Path is a phrase repeatedly mentioned by President Benigno S. Aquino III to pertain to his governance direction for the country. Essential to this concept of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Tuwid na Daan†Ã‚  is the battle cry  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Kung Walang Corrupt, Walang Mahirap.   The administration believes that corruption is the root cause of the country’s woes, and eliminating corruption will necessarily lead to renewed investor confidence, eventual growth and development, poverty reduction, and attainment of peace. The straight path, however, does not only pertain to the President’s anti-corruption campaign. It also encompasses a way of doing things right, where the process is participatory; the programs are holistic; growth is sustained; the peace policy is com prehensive; and development is sustainable. Through the living examples of our leaders, led by the President, this re-awakened sense of right and wrong continues to be translated to economic value. Before going to the main purpose of this report which is to inform the reader on the present state of the Philippine Agrarian Reform Program for the year 2011, let’s tackle first the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform- Birth, Struggle & Future   The Philippine comprehensive agrarian reform program (CARP) was envisioned shortly after the Filipino liberation from martial rule in 1986. It was designed to free the majority of the Filipino poor from the bondage of the soil by making them owners of the land they till. It also aims to grant economic-size land to the landless. Comprehensive enough, it covers farmers’ education, skills training and strong farmers' organization, application of improved technology, and support by the government. The 1987 Philippine Constitution provides in Article 14, Sec. 4. that: The State shall, by law, undertake an agrarian reform program founded on the right of farmers and regular farm workers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, in the case of other farm workers, to receive a just share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage and undertake the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to such priorities and reasonable retention limits as the congress may prescribe, taking into account ecological, developmental, or equity considerations, and subject to the payment of just compensation. In determining retention limits the State, shall respect the right of small landowners, The State shall further provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing. The overriding idea under the Philippine constitution is the preservation of the concept of an â€Å"economic family-size farm† as embodied in the past land reform laws. ( the law prescribes 3 hectares to be a family size farm enough to sustain a family) It is also important to note that ownership by beneficiaries can be individually or collectively. Even in collective ownership however, the constitutional mandate is to preserve the control of the tiller over the land a farmer tills. This is so because, agrarian reform is essentially a land-to-the-tiller program; it is based on the right of farmers and regular farm workers to own the lands they till. (pp. 1200-1201 The 1987Constitution of the Philippines, A Commentary; 2003 Edition by Rev. Fr. Joaquin G. Bernas, S. J. ) In the pursuit of the above constitutional provision, the COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM LAW (CARL), R. A. 657 was signed into law by President Corazon Aquino on June 9, 1988. The soul of CARL, R. A. 6657 is embodied in Section 2 which is reproduced below. SECTION 2. Declaration of Principles and Policies. – It is the policy of the State to pursue a Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). The welfare of the landless farmers and farm workers will receive the highest consideration to promote social justice and to move the nation towards sound rural devel opment and industrialization, and the establishment of owner cultivatorship of economic-sized farms as the basis of Philippine agriculture. To this end, a more equitable distribution and ownership of land, with due regard to the rights of landowners to just compensation and to the ecological needs of the nation, shall be undertaken to provide farmers and farm workers with the opportunity to enhance their dignity and improve the quality of their lives through greater productivity of agricultural lands. The agrarian reform program is founded on the right of farmers and regular farm workers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, in the case of other farm workers, to receive a share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to the priorities and retention limits set forth in this Act, having taken into account ecological, developmental, and equity considerations, and subject to the payment of just compensation. The State shall respect the right of small landowners and shall provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing. The State shall recognize the right of farmers, farm workers and landowners, as well as cooperatives and other independent farmers' organization, to participate in the planning, organization, and management of the program, and shall provide support to agriculture through appropriate technology and research, and adequate financial, production, marketing and other support services. The State shall apply the principles of agrarian reform or stewardship, whenever applicable, in accordance with law, in the disposition or tilization of other natural resources, including lands of the public domain, under lease or concession, suitable to agriculture, subject to prior rights, homestead rights of small settlers and the rights of indigenous communities to their ancestral lands. The State may resettle landless farmers and farm workers in its own agricultural estates, which shall be distributed to them in the manner provided by law. By means of appropriate incentives, the State shall encourage th e formation and maintenance of economic-sized family farms to be constituted by individual beneficiaries and small landowners. The State shall protect the rights of subsistence fishermen, especially of local communities, to the preferential use of communal marine and fishing resources, both inland and offshore. It shall provide support to such fishermen through appropriate technology and research, adequate financial, production and marketing assistance and other services, The State shall also protect, develop and conserve such resources. The protection shall extend to offshore fishing grounds of subsistence fishermen against foreign intrusion. Fishworkers shall receive a just share from their labor in the utilization of marine and fishing resources. The State shall be guided by the principles that land has a social function and land ownership has a social responsibility. Owners of agricultural land have the obligation to cultivate directly or through labor administration the lands they own and thereby make the land productive. The State shall provide incentives to landowners to invest the proceeds of the agrarian reform program to promote industrialization, employment and privatization of public sector enterprises. Financial instruments used as payment for lands shall contain features that shall enhance negotiability and acceptability in the marketplace. The State may lease undeveloped lands of the public domain to qualified entities for the development of capital-intensive farms, traditional and pioneering crops especially those for exports subject to the prior rights of the beneficiaries under this Act. The intent of the Philippine Constitution and R. A. 6657 is crystal clear: the promotion of social justice through an equitable distribution of land by making it easier for the disadvantaged to be able to acquire land. Agrarian reform is meant to reduce inequalities as social justice demands. And in its pursuit, land is to be taken for redistribution to the landless. In the process of taking, the law provides for just compensation. As suggested by Rev. Father Joaquin Bernas. S. J. ,just compensation should depend on the farmers’ ability to pay and not on the standard fair market value or it will not be in accord with the thrust of the law. Fr. Bernas cited land reform in Japan where just compensation was dictated by law and amounted to less than the market value In Japan, according to him, land reform embodied recognition of the reality that expropriation for land reform was not eminent domain pure and simple, but also exercise of police power which necessarily entails loss on the part of those regulated. An analogous situation he said, is the police power of the state to impose price control on essential commodities for the benefit of the public but at the expense of the sellers. ( pp. 1203- 1205, Bernas) The COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM (CARP) under CARL has a 10-year implementation period. It is expiring this year, 2008, after a second extension. The report of the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) shows that from July, 1987 to December, 2004, it has only 75% rate of ccomplishment. Out of the 4,676,017 hectares of targeted private agricultural land, only 3,499,790 have been distributed. Approximately 1. 2Million hectares remain untouched. Furthermore, according to the University of the Philippines, Los Banos Micro Study, 2007, 75% of the farmer beneficiaries till their land and improve their lives despite palpable lack of support from the government. These farmers are left with the burden of generating capital and are oftentimes forced to make use of their Certificate of Land Ownership Award (CLOA) as collaterals for loans. Among the other problems obstructing the success of land reform in the Philippines are: â€Å"problematic† landholdings, such as areas with missing titles, erroneous technical descriptions, and court disputes; insufficient funds for land acquisition and support services. Protest and oppositions by big landowners is a big stumbling block as well. Furthermore, dissatisfaction on the part of the farmer beneficiaries is another blot on the program. The heading of Philippine Daily Inquirer Mindanao (02/10/2008) says: â€Å"Farmers awarded CARP lands seek way out of ‘bad deals’. The 662 farm workers of the 3,900-hectares Guthrie Estates in San Francisco, Agusan del Sur, Negros Occidental found the deal so onerous as they have not been receiving enough share from the produce of the land assigned to them under a cooperative structure. The farmers have been protesting and negotiating for better arrangements. One cooperative member warned: â€Å"If they will not listen to us, blood will spill over in our land. We have been long dead anyway. † Ironically, CARP suffered a setback during the term of President Corazon Aquino. Hacienda Luisita, the Aquino family's own 6,000- hectare estate was exempted from distribution. The hacienda was placed under what is termed the corporative scheme where the farmers were given shares of stocks and instead of owning the land they till, they receive dividends from the net profit of the operation of the hacienda as one intact landholding. A lot more is necessary to implement CARP effectively even at this time when the program period is at its tail end. Among them are: decisiveness on the part of government to implement the law against the mighty and powerful landowners; strict safeguards against land-use conversion; sufficient amount and better management of funds; stronger community-based organization; creative and effective programs for big landholdings. There is an ongoing massive call for CARP extension to be coupled with reforms and more decisive land distribution. On the other hand, landowners are pointing to the flaws and failures of CARP as a basis for terminating the program. Since the birth of CARP, they have been deriding its existence, have been exerting efforts to thwart its implementation and plotting ways to defeat the spirit of land reform. Farmers now pin their hopes on House Bill No. 3059, or the proposed â€Å"Genuine Agrarian Reform Act of 2007†. It was filed by representatives of party-list groups Anakpawis, Bayan Muna and Gabriela Women’s Party. The bill seeks to distribute land for free and expand agrarian reform coverage to all agricultural lands in the country. According to the former DAR Secretary Butch Abad, agrarian reform will not succeed if government and business sector will not do their part. And he believes that poverty and social conflict such as the secession movement are due to landlessness to a significant degree. According to Sec. Abad, the present state of things show land reform has failed. Tenants can not be owner-cultivator and farm manager overnight. After acquiring the farm, they need training, support services, capital. One proof that agrarian reform is not yet a success is that countless farmers have not been given a piece of the land as yet. From the official website of the government we gather some bits of information and here they are†¦ http://www. gov. ph/2011/07/25/the-2011-state-of-the-nation-address-technical-report/ The 2011 State of the Nation Address Technical Report 3. 2 Completed projects to strengthen the agricultural sector 3. 2. 1. Under the continuing regular fund from the DA, a total of 1,814 kilometers of Farm to Market Roads (FMRs) were completed from July 2010 to May 2011, out of the targeted 2,567 kilometers. In addition, 687 kms more FMRs were completed under the locally-funded and foreign assisted projects. Overall, a total of 2,501 kms of completed FMRs provide better access to markets and social services and boost economic activities by allowing goods and products to flow in and out of the barangays. FMRs also help reduce transport costs, spoilage and deterioration of quality of agricultural products, and facilitate delivery of farm inputs. 3. 2. 2. From July 2010 to June 2011, a total of 65  tramlines were completed connecting remote areas to FMRs. A total of  67  agricultural tramlines were completed since project start-up in 2009, which is 63%  of the targeted  107  units to be completed by December 2011. The use of these tramlines cuts the cost of hauling by half from P2 to P1 per kilogram of produce and reduces hauling time significantly from hours to just a few minutes. Inaugurated on 13 April 2011 at Twin Peaks, Tuba, Benguet, a 400-meter tramline has reduced hauling time from 2 hours to five minutes. Farmers pay P1 per kilo of produce to cover the cost of diesel fuel, engine maintenance and other repairs and allowance for the tramline operator. On 25 February 2011, a tramline built by DA-Philmech at a cost of P1. 6 million was inaugurated in La Paz, Zamboanga City, a barangay located 970 meters above sea level. A 370 meter distance between the barangay and the closest national road used to take 12 hours to traverse. With the tramline, travel time over this distance has been reduced to three minutes. A local group, the La Paz Farmers’ Association operates the tramline collecting a fee of one peso for a load of 350 kilos of corn and vegetables. 3. 2. 3. All in all, in the first 11 months of the Aquino Administration (July 2010 to May 2011), 11,611 hectares of new areas were irrigated, 40,053 hectares were restored, and 171,910 hectares were rehabilitated both for current and carry over projects. Restoration entails repairing the irrigation facility that is currently not functional while rehabilitation means upgrading or improving the facility, which is currently working but has not attained the maximum or designed irrigation efficiency. 3. 2. 4. Put up the following post-harvest facilities: * One hundred eighty seven (187) food terminals from July 2010 to April 2011 benefiting 1,155 small farmers and fishers. These food terminals provide affordable basic food commodities to around 457,859 households who are able to save not only from low-priced commodities but also from cuts in transportation expenses and reduction of middlemen costs. The savings on transportation cost ranges from P8–P200 for every trip to the market. * Thirteen (13) or 68% of the targeted 19 Corn Post Harvest Trading Centers (CPHTC) in major corn producing areas nationwide. These centers ensure continuous supply of corn even during the wet season, guarantee premium quality, and open opportunity for other investments in the corn industry. A total of 1,342 small scale composting facilities in the different regions nationwide, reaching 100% of the target, and generating 5,368 jobs. This forms part of the government’s promotion of organic farming through the Organic Fertilizer Production Project, which will enable farmers to produce their own organic fertilizer to reduce dependence on expensive synthetic fertil izers. * A total of 56 units of flatbed dryers from July 2010 to April 2011, attaining 100% of the target and generating 402 jobs. These will reduce post-harvest losses during the drying stage of palay and ensure quality drying during the rainy season. Four (4) cold chain facilities[20]  from July 2010 to May 2011 would enable farmers of high value crops to store their fruits and vegetables in the appropriate temperature and prolong the quality and shelf life of perishable crops, obtaining for the farmers a better selling price for their produce. These facilities were turned over to three (3) cooperatives in Benguet, Palayan City, and San Jose City, benefiting 139 farmers. * Ten (10) units of Village-Type post-harvest facilities as of June 2011, in key corn production areas and strategic demand sites nationwide. Thirty-one (31) more units are expected to be completed and operational by the end of 2011. 3. 3. Fostered a culture of self-reliance 3. 3. 1 Some of the strategies under the Food Staple Self-Sufficiency program include the termination of direct input subsidies to farmers and front-loading of irrigation investments in 2012 and 2013 to increase output as early as possible, thus decreasing the need to import rice. These actions are already bearing fruit as seen in the bumper crop harvest from January to March 2011. 3. 3. 2 The country’s rice importation dropped significantly by 80% from an import volume of 2. 2 million MT from July 2009 to June 2010 to 386,243 MT from July 2010 to June 2011. The decrease in volume of actual rice import arrivals can be attributed to the good harvest and the comfortable stock position of the country. Likewise, rice shipments were scheduled better. From here on, NFA buffer stocks will consist mainly of palay purchased from local farmers—a lo ng standing demand of the rice farmers. From January to June 2011, the government through the NFA has procured some P7. 64 billion worth of palay from all over the country. This is 16% of the NFA stock. The NFA targets to increase this volume from the harvest from the main cropping season later this year. The total rice imported in 2010 was 2. 38 million MT. For 2011, the government shall import 64% less or 860,000 MT, with 200,000 MT imported by the government, and 660,000 MT by the private sector. For 2012, rice imports shall further decline to 500,000 MT, with 100,000 MT imported by the government and 400,000 MT imported by the private sector. 3. 3. 2. The government was able to increase the average farm gate price of palay by 2. 89% within a short period, thereby immediately increasing the farmer’s income. Strategic reserves and placements made it possible for the price of rice to remain stable, thereby assuring the affordability and availability of rice to the public. 3. 3. 3. Production in the crops subsector was also up by 8. 19% and the main contributors were palay, corn, sugarcane, and banana. The country has regained its status as net sugar exporter for the current crop year, having recovered from the sugar shortage in 2009-2010 when the country imported raw and refined sugar. news From the official website of department of agriculture†¦ HOUSE  APPROVES DAR’S P18. -B BUDGET THE Department Agrarian Reform (DAR) prevailed upon the House of Representatives during the plenary hearing Wednesday for its 2012 budget, thanks largely to Pampanga Rep. Anna York C. Bondoc, who took the cudgels for the agency and pulled it off with poise even as she endured almost six hours of grilling from her colleagues Bondoc, who stood as the sponsor for DAR’s budget, eloquently just ified its P18. 3-billion proposed budget, saying that the agency, despite operating on lean budget each year in the past, has managed to deliver the tasks expected of it. How much more if DAR is provided with sufficient funds,† Bondoc said even as she rallied her fellow lawmakers to come in support of DAR, which is in dire need for more funds to complete the distribution of some 1 million hectares of agricultural lands and deliver much-needed support services in the form of basic rural infrastructure projects and skills development program. The DAR said that P10 billion of its total budget for next year will go to land tenure’s improvement, which include landowners’ compensation; P7. billion to program beneficiaries’ development made up of support services in the form of basic rural infrastructure projects and skills development program; and P1 billion to agrarian justice delivery. Bondoc found an ally in the course defending the department’s budget through former DAR Secretary-turned-partylist representatives Nasser Pangandaman of the AA Kasosyo Partylist. Pangandaman sought the replenishment of the credit facility in the DAR’s budget, which was left unfunded, to enable the agency to serve the needs of farmer-beneficiaries for much-needed capital for farm inputs. Coop-Natcco Partylist Rep. Cresente Paez joined Pangandaman in his move, saying that the lack of capital is one of the major obstacles to improving the lives of farmer-beneficiaries, most of them are forced to approach loan sharks for farm inputs. Bondoc agreed with Pangandaman and Paez on the need to restore the budget for credit facility and even asked them to join her in lobbying the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) about it. She said she would furnish the DBM with minutes of what had transpired during the budget hearing at the plenary to give it an insight on the issue. DAR  HOSTS SEMINAR ON CLIMATE PROOFING FOR AGRARIAN REFORM COMMUNITIES The warning is dire. Scientists say that even if the earth’s hot temperature on global warming is reduced significantly in the coming years, climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, and other severe weather events are likely to result in food shortages, increase in water and air-borne diseases, infrastructure damage and the of natural resources degradation. To help farmers adapt to these inevitable eventualities, the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) in cooperation with the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation ; Development (or GIZ) recently conducted a five-day seminar-workshop on â€Å"Climate Proofing for Development: Practical application for agrarian reform communities† at the Century Park Hotel in Malate, Manila. The GIZ, Adaptation to Climate Change ; Conservation of Biodiversity (ACCBio) trainers and the Phil. Atmospheric Geophysical ; Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) presented to DAR studies made on the ill effects of climate change on farms and farming communities in the country. Undersecretary for Special Programs ; Agrarian Relations Rosalina Bistoyong said the seminar-workshop seeks to understand and learn how to adapt to the climate changes and integrate it in development plans for agrarian reform communities. We at DAR believe that we cannot delay making adaptation plans and actions to ensure that maladaptation [by farmers] will not worsen adverse climate change effects and impede their sustainable development,† said Bistoyong. â€Å"Climate adaptation ways like planting trees, composting, using bio-friendly fertilizers, organic farming, are just some of the ways the farmers can use to help mitigate climate change,† said Corrine Canlas of GIZ. With the climate change impacts we have been experiencing like floods, typhoons and the el nino and la nina phenome na, implementers need to learn the ways and means to adapt to these [eventualities], so that they can put strategies to add development plans for farmers in the agrarian reform communities,† added Canlas. Bistoyong said that the implementers will also teach farmers measures to avoid the bad effects of chemicals on the environment and contribute in minimizing global warming. This course will help our implementers in making necessary developments plans so that our farmers will be able to cope, adapt and sustain their livelihood in the face of climate change,† Bistoyong said. AGRARIAN  BENEFICIARIES TO BENEFIT FROM IRRIGATION AND ROAD PROJECTS CABUCGAYAN, BILIRAN – Rice production and farmers’ income in this fifth class municipality are expected to increase once the rehabilitation of the communal irrigation system (CIS) and a farm-to-market road in the area are completed. Biliran Agrarian Reform Officer Elisea Orapa said rehabilitation works by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) started early last month, and is expected to be completed in three months time. Orapa cited the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), for rehabilitating the 1. 7-kilometer farm-to-market road in Sitio Kasabangan where some 562 meters of this will be concreted for easier and farther conveyance of farm products to the market. Eliasem Castillo, Regional Director of the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) in Eastern Visayas, said the projects, courtesy of the Japan International Cooperation Agency-Agrarian Reform Infrastructure Support Project (JICA-ARISP), would help double farm produce of farmer-beneficiaries in the Balaquid Agrarian Reform Community (ARC). Castillo added that the two projects cost about P8-million, with the local government unit providing 50 percent as its counterpart equity. Ismael Aya-ay, chief of the Beneficiaries Development Coordinating Division (BDCD) of the DAR-Biliran said that about 60 of the 530 ARBs in the ARC will directly benefit from the irrigation project, while some 1,686 residents here and in nearby villages will be benefited by the farm-to-market road. ARCs are group of barangays with farmers awarded with land titles where there is a convergence of support services provided by the national and local governments, non-government organizations and foreign-donor communities. PROGRAMS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE LAND  TENURE IMPROVEMENT The LTI component seeks to secure the tenurial status of the farmers and farmworkers in the lands they till. This is operationalized either through land acquisition and distribution (LAD) and leasehold operations. LAD involves the redistribution of government and private agricultural lands to landless farmers and farmworkers. This  is the essence of land reform. It secures farmers' tenure, promotes social equity, and provides them with necessary productive resources needed to ensure their economic viability and productivity. Leasehold operations, on the other hand, is the alternative non-land transfer scheme. It covers all tenanted agricultural lands such those in the retained areas, not yet acquired for distribution under CARP, and those which may be validly covered  under existing laws. With the enactment of RA 9700 or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms in 2009, LAD should be completed by June 30, 2014 on a province-by-province basis. All remaining unacquired and undistributed agricultural lands shall be acquired and distributed as follows: Phase I (01 July 2009 to 30 June 2012) * All remaining lands above fifty (50) hectares; All private agricultural lands with aggregate landholdings in excess of fifty (50) hectares which have already been issued Notices of Coverage (NOCs) on or before Dec. 10, 2008; * Rice and corn lands under PD 27; idle and abandoned lands; Voluntary Offer to Sell (VOS) lands; * All lands foreclosed by government financial institutions (GFIs), PCGG-acquired lands and other government-owned lands; * Voluntary Land Transfer (VLT) submit ted by June 30, 2009 (before effectivity); * Only VOS & Compulsory Acquisition (CA) are allowed after June 30, 2009; Phase II-A (01 July 2009 to 30 June 2012) * All alienable and disposable, arable public agricultural lands; * All public agricultural lands which are to be opened for new development and resettlement; * Aggregate above 24-50 hectares issued NOCs on or before 10 December 2008) Phase II-B (01 July 2012 to 30 June 2013) * Remaining lands in excess of 24 hectares whether or not issued with NOCs Phase III-A (01 July 2012 to 30 June 2013) * 10-24 hectares, insofar as excess of 10 hectares Phase III-B (01 July 2013 to 30 June 2014) above 5 hectares to 10 hectares * Schedule of LAD shall be in accordance with the above order of priority with the ff: * EXCEPTION: priority land reform areas as declared by PARC (Presidential Agrarian Reform Council) ExCom upon recommendation of the PARCCOM (Provincial Agrarian Reform Coordinating Committee) may be covered in advance provided that prior phases have been completed * Phase III-B (5-10 hectares) shall not be implemented until 90% of the provincial balance as of Jan. 1, 2009 has been completed. Under RA 6657 or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (from 1987 to June 2009), the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) covered 2,321,064 has. of private agricultural lands and 1, 727, 054 has. non-private agricultural lands covering a total of 4, 049, 018 has. This is equivalent to 2, 396, 857 ARBs installed. Congruently, under RA 9700 (July 2009 – December 2010) , 78, 145 has. private agricultural lands and 75, 862 has. of non-private agricultural lands were distributed. This totals to 154,007 has. equivalent to 97, 712 ARBs installed. Strategic Directions up to 2014 To substantially complete asset reform as mandated by RA 9700, the DAR shall: *   Complete land acquisition and distribution (LAD) in the CARPER balance; *   Prioritize the subdivision of collective Certificates of Land Ownership Awards (CLOAs) involving LBP-compensable lands; *   Fast track the documentation and settlement of landowner compensation for already distributed lands; *   Synergize and rationalize the efforts of the CARP implementing agencies in all processes of LAD; * Partner with the civil society organizations in the delivery of LTI services, particularly the large-sized private agricultural lands; *   Adopt a job-sharing scheme under the ONE-DAR Concept; and * Increase the utilization of the services of geodetic engineers to assist in land acquisition. PROGRAM  BENEFICIARIES DEVELOPMENT PBD is the support services component of CARP. It aims to capacitate ARBs and provide them access to the necessary support services to make their lands more productive, ena ble them to venture in income generating livelihood projects and actively participate in community governance. Agrarian reform does not rely on land distribution alone, but also on the delivery of support services, including farm-to-market roads, bridges, irrigation, post harvest facilities, rural electrification, potable water supply, school buildings, multi-purpose buildings; extension services, credit assistance, and trainings. * 709,187 ARBs fully served under the foreign-assisted projects * 7,170 infrastructure projects * 976 communal irrigation projects completed * 3018 functional ARB-organizations operate (ALDA Level 3,4,5) * 316,610 ARB members are already managing their own farm & non-farm enterprises Support services delivered through the Foreign Assisted Projects (FAPs) and Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF): * 13,259 kilometers of FMR * 226,015 hectares serviced by irrigation systems * 194 multi-purpose buildings * 174 bridge projects (10,473 linear meters) * 428 units of post harvest facilities * 999 units of potable water systems Other infrastructure projects provided: * Health centers, school buildings, flood control, rural electrification,& sanitation systems. Non-infrastructure programs include: * Demonstration farms, rural micro-enterprises, training of ARB leaders, & health and nutrition The DAR adopted the development of agrarian reform communities (ARC) in 1993 to improve the lives of  agrarian reform beneficiaries (ARBs). It was the department's key strategy to accelerate and sustain economic growth in agrarian reform and rural areas through a people-centered, holistic and area focused approach in community development. Since then, the DAR has launched 2,100 ARCs covering 1. million of ARBs in 9,076 barangays. Because of the size limitation of ARCs and the increasing number of ARBs in need of basic support services, the DAR expanded the coverage of its support services through the KALAHI (Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan) Agrarian Reform Zones (KARZones). A KARZone is a contiguous area which embraces both ARC barangays and non-ARC barangays within the zone. Strategic Directions up to 2014: The agrarian reform must be able to lift the ARBs out of poverty and transform them into drivers of rural economic growth. Land distribution is only the first step. Provision of adequate and timely support services are impetus to make the awarded lands productive. Thus, PBD priorities for 2012-2014 shall be to: *   Undertake convergence initiatives with rural development agencies to complement the resources and streamline the efforts of DAR and DENR; *   Ink public-private partnerships (PPPs), develop models of collaboration and design business models in the agrarian reform areas with the participation of the CSOs, academe, research and development institutions and LGUs; *   Expand the ODA portfolio in order to augment funds for PBD; *   Operationalize the LTI-PBD integration on a province-to-province basis; *   Shift focus of low LAD-balance provinces to PBD; and   * Unlock credit facilities for the agrarian reform beneficiaries through capacity development for credit providers and farmer-borrowers, providing support to risk mitigating institutions and making available credit information to credit providers AGRARIAN  JUSTICE DELIVERY Delivery of agrarian justice has two features: the agrarian legal assistance and adjudication of cases. Agrarian legal assistance is comprised of resolution of agrarian law implementation (ALI) cases, ARB representation before judicial and quasi-judicial bodies, and mediation and conciliation. On the other hand, Adjudication of cases involves the resolution of cases by the DAR Adjudication Board (DARAB) and any of its salas. Under RA 6657, the DAR is vested with the primary jurisdiction to determine and adjudicate agrarian reform matters and to extend free legal assistance to farmer-beneficiaries affected by agrarian cases. There are three types of cases under this program namely: judicial or court cases, quasi-judicial, and cases related to agrarian law implementation (ALI). The first two types involve representation of farmers by DAR lawyers before the regular courts and DAR Adjudication Board, respectively. The third type involves the administrative rendering of decision on exemption, conversion and retention. The DAR at present utilizes more aggressive alternative dispute resolution techniques in mediation to reduce conflicts maturing into court cases. The general objective is to persuade the contending parties to settle their disputes amicably or out of court before the DAR. Strategic Directives: The legal sector intends to provide effective and timely support not only for agrarian reform frontliners in the field of operations and support services but also for the ARBs. Hence, to speed up the resolution of agrarian-related cases, the sector shall: *   Put the legal framework in place to expedite the LAD process and undertake PBD lawyering; *   Rationalize DAR lawyers’ and paralegals’ appreciation and decision on cases by developing common templates and legal outlines; *   Improve capabilities of DAR lawyers and legal officers to adequately address AR challenges; and * Tap information and communication technology to enhance legal work.